Архивы форума Египетского Клуба

Она известна под несколькими именами: Nefrusobek, Sobekneferu, Sobekkare... вот еще более подробный текст, только переводить уже... :-)

Sobekneferu was the eighth queen of the 12th Dynasty. She ruled the country from 1763 till 1759 BC. Sobekneferu was mentioned in the Karnak, Saqqara and Turin List of Kings. Three statues and a sphinx for her were found near the Nile Delta. Sobekneferu may have been a sister or half-sister of Amenemhet IV, whose reign lasted just over nine years. He perhaps share a co-regency of an uncertain length with Amenemhet III." The name 'Sobekneferu' means, "The beauties of Sobek", the crocodile god. The rulers of the 12th Dynasty established a religious and economic centre in the Faiyum Oasis where the crocodiles were nurtured and worshipped.
Scholars believe that Sobkenefru was trying to emphazie a new economic and religious center in the Faiyum - Shedet. Shedet contained a notable shrine dedicated to Sobek and it is possible that the priests of Sobek were key supporters to Sobeknefru's crown. This is not confirmed however. Sobeknefru is the first monarch to use the name of the god Sobek beyond that of a 12th dynasty princess. This, again, may be related to the importance of the Faiyum area during her reign.
Sobekneferu left very few known statues of herself and none of them are complete. Three life-sized basalt statues of her were found in the delta at Tel el-Daba, but they were all headless and, in fact, were subsequently lost! No one knows where they are today. In 1973 the Louvre in Paris purcased a large reddish statue which has no arms, legs or heard. When complete it would have stood 5'2" in height. This may be a representation of Sobekneferu.
Sobekneferu may be an important ruler to study not only because of when she reigned but because of whom she influenced. It is known that Hatshepsut greatly admired the Middle Kingdom rulers and she seems particularly to have adopted many of Sobeknefru's ideas, especially in regard to their shared position as the ruler of the Two Lands. Queen Hatshepsut presented herself as a male pharaoh, but she was not the first queen to have done so. In the British Museum there is a cylinder seal of Sobekneferu which gives her Horus name in a masculine form. In a glorious mixture of gender pronouns, she also refers to herself as "She whose appearance is stable, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sobekneferu of Shedet, she lives." Her pernomen was "Son of Re, Sobekneferu".
In another conglomeration of sexes, the statue in the Louvre depicts her wearing a male kilt worn over a female shift. "To put it simply, Sobekneferu may have been uncertain exactly what sex she should be for the official record!" The four statues referred to above have no heads, so her facial appearance cannot be determined from these the possibility of another statue belonging to Sobekneferu. It as a beautiful young face and has been assumed to belong to Amenemhat III, who left many statues of himself, but they all depict him as a sour-faced monarch with features appropriate for a pharaoh who cruelly enslaved the Israelites. The Metropolitan Museum head bears no resemblance to Amenemhat III and as it has no inscribed name, it may be the head of Sobekneferu.
The end of the long reign of Sobeknefru's father, Amenemhat III, brought her half brother to the throne late in life. When her brother died, Possibly childless at their death, Amunemhat IV & Ptahneferu paved the way for a sister who would become the last of a proud and vigorous line. She was the last blood. The absence of a male heir made Sobeknefru the closest in line of succession; she thus took the royal titles and ruled as king. Hers was not a precedent-setting reign, however, for a similar succession had occurred at the end of the 6th dynasty, and tradition records that officials in the 2nd dynasty decided that a woman could hold the royal title.
Sobeknefru reigned as a full pharaoh; her statues from the northeastern Nile River delta show her with full royal (king's) regalia and in traditional royal poses. Nonetheless, she made no attempt to depict herself as a man, as did Queen Hatshepsut of the 18th dynasty. Sobeknefru continued normal 12th-dynasty policies. Althought this woman had a short reign, she was active in the delta area, building temples and furthering agriculture. She may also be responsible for the completion of the labyrinth that her father built and was nearing completion when he died. Her highest regnal year date--three--is indicated at the Second Nile Cataract, where the annual inundation level was recorded.
There were a total of five female pharaohs in the history of ancient Egypt. The first queen of Egypt was Nitocris (c. 2180 BC). She came to the throne by the death of Pepi II, who had ruled for over ninety years. All that is known about Nitocris is that she committed suicide after taking vengeance on the men who had murdered her brother in order to put her on the throne. The second was Sobekneferu. Her father, King Amenemhat III, was the pharaoh before her. She only ruled for 3 years. The third Queen of Egypt was Hatshepsut , who came to the throne in 1490 B.C. Unlike previous experiences of queen regnants who had brought instability, Hatshepsut was able to bring peace to Egypt while under her reign of 22 years.
The fourth queen was Twosret. Nothing is known about her reign except that she was the royal heiress who gave legitimacy to her husband, King Seti II, who ruled from 1216-1210 B.C. The Dynasty ends with the reign of Queen Sobeknefrure, one of three women who are known to have occupied the throne of Ancient Egypt (not counting Greek Queens like Cleopatra). It is assumed but not proven that she became a Queen because Amenemhat IV, died without a male heir. Her tomb has never been found. The Thirteenth Dynasty ended in another time of weakness (1650 BC).

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